Date of Award

August 2016

Degree Type

Dissertation

Degree Name

Doctor of Philosophy

Department

Chemistry

First Advisor

Alexander Arnold

Second Advisor

James Cook

Committee Members

Alexander Arnold, James Cook, Arsenio Pacheco, Nicholas Silvaggi, Douglas Stafford

Keywords

Automated Patch Clamp, Benzodiazepine, Electrophysiology, GABA, High Throughput, Recombinant Stable

Abstract

Gamma (γ) -aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter found in

the mammalian central nervous system. Its effect stems from its ability to cause the opening of ion channels which causes an influx of negatively charged chloride ions or an efflux of positively charged potassium ions. This hyperpolarization of the neuron lowers the threshold for neuronal firing. This has an overall inhibitory effect on neurotransmission, decreasing the excitability of the neuron and diminishing the likelihood of a successful action potential occurring. There are two classes of GABA receptor: ligand-gated GABAA receptor (GABAAR) and metabotropic GABAB receptor (GABABR). The GABAAR is a pentameric receptor containing two binding sites for GABA and once bound, the channel opens to allow the influx of chloride ions. However, GABAAR not only contains GABA binding sites but also binding sites that modulate the actions of GABA. This includes the benzodiazepine-binding site which occurs at the α and γ2 interface. GABAARs draws a great deal of attention as pharmaceutical targets for treating anxiety, insomnia, epilepsy, schizophrenia, and cognitive deficiencies, among others. Benzodiazepines (BZD) are regularly used as sedatives and anxiolytics. Although there are many alternatives to treating anxiety, none have matched either the efficacy nor the rapid onset of BZDs. However, these drugs have come to be associated with undesirable symptoms, most notably development of tolerance, addiction, as well as withdrawal symptoms.

Over the past decade, there has been an emerging understanding of the specific subunit

composition which mediates the diverse spectrum of BZD pharmacological effects which has generated great interest in developing α-subtype selective drugs. There are at least nineteen different individual GABAAR subunits that assemble the 5-subunit structure into different combinations to form the native receptor (α1-6, β1-3, γ1-3, δ, and minor subunits). Of these potential combinations, the receptors containing two of the α1-6, two of any β subunits, and one of the γ2 subunit are the most prevalent in the brain. Receptors containing α1/2/3/5 are known as BZD sensitive receptors while α4/6 are BZD insensitive. Studies have shown that the subtype containing the α1 is responsible for sedation, anti-convulsant effects, ataxia, amnesia, and addiction while subtypes responsible for anxiolysis are primarily α2, α3, and perhaps α5 based on one report.

Electrophysiological techniques are critical in determining the enhancement of chloride

conductance and calculating potency and efficacy of the drugs but data collection is limited by slow throughput. Herein the development of higher throughput cellular assays to determine BZD subtype selectivity is described. First, an assay was created and optimized using transiently transfected cells on automated patch clamp. However, this assay suffered from variable reproducibility. Next, receptor subtypes were recombinantly expressed in stable cell lines using a single plasmid and antibiotic. These cells can be reliably used to determine subtype specificity of compounds. The overall potency and efficacy of the drugs were also tested on commercially available human neuronal induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSC) which would more accurately reflect the mixture of receptor subtypes natively expressed on human neurons. Next a fluorescence assay, which utilizes an enhanced yellow fluorescent protein that quenches in the presence of selective anions, was optimized and tested in order to determine if the assay was suitable to perform structure activity relationship studies. Finally, the GABAAR was found to be present in leukocytes so multiple cell sources were tested to determine their subunit composition and electrophysiological behavior.

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